In no other type of warfare does the advantage lie so heavily with the aggressor. So, on August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay, an American B-29 bomber, dropped the world's first atomic bomb over Hiroshima. Professor Franck (c) At the end of the story, how does the stranger's visit continue to affect the family? Question 38 options: Riding somewhat roughshod over this debate and allowing that the sign does not indicate an alternate possibility (and therefore a flicker of freedom) because we do not need it too the twin world condition requires a comparison between S (or Jones or whoever) in W1 (where we allow no alternate possibility to exist) with S in W2 (where alternate possibilities incontrovertibly exist). Fischer, J. M., & Ravizza, M. (1991). Which claim is best supported by the evidence included in these maps-, Nationalistic movements influenced the borders in Europe at the end of World War I, The Balkans were referred to as the' "Powder keg of Europe" in the period before WWI because of their-, Blamed jews for Germany's loss of World War I, The Nuremberg Laws were written in order to, What is an immediate result of these laws enacted by the Nazi Party--, German Jews were stripped of personal liberties and property rights, Between which two years did the number of collective farms increase the most, Which of the following events was a result of the policy illustrated in the chart-, Which claim can best be supported by this passage-, New technology made warfare more destructive, Which of the following is a result of the historical trend present in the passage-, What implications is the author trying to make in the excerpt-, the Japanese militaristic culture fostered a dehumanization Chinese civilians lives, Which best helps explain the passage in its broader historical context-, The consequences of total war tactics on civilian populations, The example of mass atrocity and genocide introduced in the passage is most similar to which of the following examples, The allied forces firebombing of German cities like Hamburg or Dresden killing thousands, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Irrespective of which world one is referring to, then, S should be morally condemned for performing E in (1) but morally praised for the action carried out in (2). Written in 1531, likely at the beginning of the year, this work stands temporally in the middle of Marpeck's controversy with the Geister. editors. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. In the following sentences, circle the word that each underlined participial phrase modifies and draw an arrow from the participial phrase to the word it modifies. FF: brainwasher AND cultman are both FULLY responsible, Why is whole-heartedness problematic for our intuitions about FW. 20) Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? In the absence of an international authority which would make all resort to force in international conflicts impossible, nations could still be diverted from a path which must lead to total mutual destruction, by a specific international agreement barring a nuclear armaments race. Modified Frankfurt-type counterexamples and flickers of freedom. In the twin world condition, S is ascribed moral responsibility because alternate possibilities, should they have been available, would not have changed Ss decision making. Janzen, G. (2013). Stump, E. (1996). Shabo, S. (2011). All are principals. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, 13. Fischer, J. M. (2002). here our team solve your academic problems daily. By insisting on either of these conditions for the ascription of moral responsibility, we also preserve some role for alternate possibilities, thereby making it necessary that they feature in our moral decision making in some form or other. At present, one could easily select in this country a hundred areas of five square miles each whose simultaneous destruction would be a staggering blow to the nation. It was also a ploy, another deliberate affront to bourgeois sensibility which demanded art with meaning or that had some purpose such as to instruct, or delight, or to . answer choices. We have to be careful, of course, about how such a description is formally presented. Schnall, I. M. (2001). SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT In our constitutional democracy, all persons who reside within the United Statesincluding Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in There is only rent., Stating that Broadacre City is the only democratic form for a city due to its systematic integration of individual units, Wright embraces the existing highway system. As a role for alternate possibilities is necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility, and as different forms of this role are inherent within the two sufficient conditions described above, what is necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility is that one of these aforementioned sufficient conditions is satisfied. Both architects had utopian, all-encompassing plans for their ideal American city, combining social as well as architectural ideas. The aim of this paper is to present a version of the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) which is not susceptible to the Frankfurt-style counter-example. the concept of the Congress representing the collective constituency of the whole country A person that can only act on strongest desire at the time. Moreover, PAP as a sufficient condition hereafter PAP(s) has the advantage of being able to withstand Frankfurt-style counter-examples without, I contend, losing its efficacy as a maxim for moral responsibility. Writing that American skyscrapers have yet to earn the title of architecture, but are merely small objects such as statuettes or knick-knacks, magnified to titanic proportion, Le Corbusier proposes his plan for the skyscraper. s the chief of staff. This poster appeals to the US citizens by linking-, The World War II military action shown on Map 2 was significant because it-, forced Germany to fight the allies on eastern and western fronts, Using both maps and your historical knowledge, how do the maps exemplify one reason there is Soviet resentment towards the allies after World War II, the original allied strategy led to a significant number of soviet casualties despite soveit urging to spit German forces on two bonds, THE INDIVIDUAL TO SERVE THE NEEDS OF THE STATE, Fascist rule in italy under Mussolini was popular because it-, Promised a strong, confident government powers to the lower classes, who had been oppressed for centuries, How was Bolshevik Revolution in Russia similar to the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy-, Justify the use of nuclear weapons against Japanese cities with large civilian populations-, Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal, nationalism in the Japanese population, making japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons, Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their problem-. What are they supposed to show, according to Dennett? What is Frankfurt's view on this? It is able to do this without succumbing to Frankfurt-style counter-examples. Leon, F., & Tognazzini, N. A. Third parties help bridge the gap between state and federal legislators. The first major challenge to this interpretation was advanced in Germany in the 1960s, where the historian Fritz Fischer published a startling new thesis on the origins of the war which threatened to overthrow the existing consensus. Describes a situation in which someone is morally responsible but is unable to do otherwise. In 1932, both described these ideas in The New York Times; in these two articles Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier made their differing beliefs perfectly clear to the public. Once this is achieved, the large installations and the accumulation of explosive material at present earmarked for potential military use will become available for important peacetime developments, including power production, large engineering undertakings, and mass production of radioactive materials. If this race is inevitable, we have every reason to delay its beginning as long as possible in order to increase our head start still further. However, even though these countries may value human life less than the peoples of Western Europe and America, and even though Russia, in particular, has an immense space over which its vital industries could be dispersed and a government which can order this dispersion the day it is convinced that such a measure is necessary -- there is no doubt that Russia, too, will shudder at the possibility of a sudden, disintegration of Moscow and Leningrad, almost miraculously preserved in the present war, and of its new industrial cities in the Urals and Siberia. Nevertheless, it is not at all certain that American public opinion, if it could be enlightened as to the effect of atomic explosives, would approve of our own country being the first to introduce such an indiscriminate method of wholesale destruction of civilian life. Whatever E happens to be, it is congruent across the different worlds within each respective scenario: E is congruent across W1 and W2 within scenario 1 and congruent across W1 and W2 within scenario 2. However, such a quantitative advantage in reserves of bottled destructive power will not make us safe from sudden attack. south glens falls school tax bills mozart: violin concerto 4 analysis mozart: violin concerto 4 analysis Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 41(4), 505522. Oxford: Blackwell. It is 980 too many. With the convenience of modern transportation and future innovations to come, Wright asks why proximity to the city is important. Russia is known to be mining radium on its own territory; and even if we do not know the size of the deposits discovered so far in the USSR, the probability that no large reserves of uranium will be found in a country which covers one-fifth of the land area of the earth (and whose sphere of influence takes in additional territory) is too small to serve as a basis for security. The team usually (donates, donate) their old uniforms to a group of disadvantaged youth. In 1906, Wendell T. Bush became associated with the Journal as co-editor. Neither Le Corbusier nor Frank Lloyd Wright could truly be said to have won the argument played out in the 1930s newspaper, as both got some ideas right and many wrong. Agency without avoidability: defusing a new threat to Frankfurts counterexample strategy. rock creek ranch bc contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors, offices and users. esponsibility to protect their citizens from atrocious crimesand in 2006 the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1674, which commits the Council to protect civilians during armed conflicts. A. They observed that a radioactive atom releases a huge burst of energy when it is split. If indeterminism is true, then nothing prior to the choice could indicate which way he will go. Jones is therefore morally responsible for his action (even in a world corresponding to W1) in virtue of doing what he would have done in a world where alternate possibilities exist (namely, W2). Because of this, the original formulation of PAP is unnecessary. Reasons reactivity and incompatibilist intuitions. Recall: PAP(s): A person is morally responsible for what they have done if they could have done otherwise. As long as nuclear bombs remain scarce (i.e. Ultimately, they would argue that only through collective action and cooperation can we ensure global peace and security in the nuclear age. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Donnelly argues both 'radical' cultural relativism and 'radical' universalism are misguided (1984, 403). Obviously, no time should be lost in inaugurating a study of this problem by experts. The twin world condition also avoids getting bogged down in the debate over whether the relationship between the sign and the decision is indicative of determinism or is indeterminate (Ginet and Palmer 2010; Robinson 2012; Shabo 2011). He can place his "infernal machines" in advance in all our major cities and explode them simultaneously, thus destroying a major part of our industry and a large part of our population, aggregated in densely populated metropolitan districts. Elzein, N. (2013). Amenities are spread along the highways and homes are nestled in parks and gardens and small farms, all surrounded by beautiful natural landscapes; Wright argues that 1,000 people to the hectare (2.47 acres) is looking not so far ahead. Debate has centred on whether the sign, which is not an indication of a decision, but an indication of what Jones is about to decide, nevertheless amounts to evidence that, on the occasion when the sign was present, an alternate possibility was available to Jones. So he waits until Jones is about to make up his mind what to do, and does nothing unless it is clear to him (Black is an excellent judge of such things) that Jones is going to decide to do something other than what he wants him to do. Harry Frankfurt describes the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) as follows: A person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise (Frankfurt 1969, p.829; emphasis added). Russia and China are the only great nations at present which could survive a nuclear attack. I argue that PAP does not need to be endorsed as a necessary condition for moral responsibility and, in fact, presenting PAP as a sufficient condition maintains its usefulness as a maxim for moral accountability whilst avoiding Frankfurt-style counter-examples. (If FW requires whole-heartedness, what does this imply about decisions based on ambivalence? The first and perhaps the simplest way is to ration the raw materialsprimarily, the uranium ores. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Russia and China are the only great nations at present which could survive a nuclear attack. It must be stressed that if one takes the pessimistic point of view and discounts the possibility of an effective international control over nuclear weapons at the present time, then the advisability of an early use of nuclear bombs against Japan becomes even more doubtful -- quite independently of any humanitarian considerations. Not three months later came Frank Lloyd Wrights rebuttal. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. An agreement on a higher level, involving more mutual trust and understanding, would be to allow unlimited production, but keep exact bookkeeping on the fate of each pound of uranium mined. (a) Describe: How does the father react to the stranger's request to look around? A REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF WAR, JUNE 1945. An agent is morally responsible for performing a given act A only if he or she could have done otherwise. This is a difficult problem, but we think it soluble. In 1962 Franck was the only artist invited to draw all four sessions of . (I focused on the second version). One may point out that scientists themselves have initiated the development of this "secret weapon" and it is therefore strange that they should be reluctant to try it out on the enemy as soon as it is available. You'll now receive updates based on what you follow! As for society and individual's relationship to it, Emerson believes that being an individual . The benefit to the nation, and the saving of American lives in the future, achieved by renouncing an early demonstration of nuclear bombs and letting the other nations come into the race only reluctantly, on the basis of guesswork and without definite knowledge that the "thing does work," may far outweigh the advantages to be gained by the immediate use of the first and comparatively inefficient bombs in the war against Japan. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument for an international agreement would likely argue that nuclear weapons pose a global threat that cannot be addressed by individual states alone. There is, however, a subtle but important distinction between PAP in its original formulation as a necessary condition and the manner in which the notion of alternate possibilities is presented within the twin world condition. From this point of view, a demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of representatives of all the United Nations, on the desert or a barren island. After a lengthy search, the starving castaways were thrilled to discover that the tiny island offered a plethora of .. Why, according to Kane, does this example fail to show what Dennett thinks it shows? Including a soundproof, well-lit living room and a double-faade of glass to control the effects of outside temperature, Le Corbusiers habitable towers were to include at least twelve dwelling floors each and accommodate 1,000 people per hectare (2.47 acres). In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nucleartechnology may benefit the peacetime development of the national economy."James Franck, German-born scientist developing nuclear weapons technology for the United States, report to the United Statesgovernment, 194518) Which of the following developments during the Second World War What is necessary is that either PAP(s) or the twin world condition is satisfied. Where S in W1 engages in the same action (E) as S in W2 then this is sufficient to ascribe moral responsibility to S in either world.Footnote 3In short, we have available to us the means of ascribing moral responsibility even where S could not have done otherwise. Avoid the most common mistakes and prepare your manuscript for journal Jefferson's key arguments for independence consisted primarily of the Crown's imposition of taxes and trade restrictions onto the Colonies, but was quite clear about the issue not being the severity of the offense but much more in that the Crown had overstepped lines of mutual respect and consent, ie "No Taxation Without Representation." By making PAP sufficient rather than necessary for moral responsibility, it is still the case that anyone who satisfies (a) and (b) is held to account, morally. On the other hand, neither did Wright succeed in his wishes to rid our cities of skyscrapers and landlords (and in fact proposed his own mile-high skyscraper two decades later.) Jones is incapable of making a decision that differs from what Black wants him to decide, and subsequently is incapable of doing other than what Black wants him to do. Current technology, in fact, seems to be moving away from the standardization Le Corbusier hoped for and closer to the personalization and customization championed by Wright in his article. A postponement of such a demonstration will have in this case the advantage of delaying the beginning of the nuclear armaments race as long as possible. The best possible atmosphere for the achievement of an international agreement could be achieved if America could say to the world, "You see what sort of a weapon we had but did not use. ), Addiction vs. weakness of the will. Finally, the twin world condition allows another aspect of the debate over the Frankfurt-style counter-examples to be side-stepped: namely, whether the sign used as an indicator of an impending decision which the counterfactual interveners uses as a marker of whether to intervene or not is sufficiently robust to count as evidence of an alternate possibility (Elzein 2013; Pereboom 2009). It must be pointed out that in this field we are in a less favorable position than nations which are now more diffusely populated and either whose industries are more scattered, or whose governments have unlimited power over the movement of population and the location of industrial plants. In short, where the conditions inherent within both PAP(s) and Frankfurts original PAP are met namely, clauses (a) and (b) then PAP(s), as a maxim for moral accountability, is as effective as PAP at ascribing moral responsibility. How does he respond to the claim that the brainwasher is responsible for cult-man's actions (Principle of Transfer)? Just because a potential enemy will be afraid of being "outnumbered and outgunned," the temptation for him may be overwhelming to attempt a sudden unprovoked blow -- particularly if he should suspect us of harboring aggressive intentions against his security or his sphere of influence. All images are each office/photographer mentioned. Accumulations of this kind could be rapidly converted into atomic bombs if a nation should break away from international control. This might be all the time we would have to bring about the relocation of our population and industry. What I have argued is that there is nothing to be gained, in terms of moral instruction, by insisting on PAP as a necessary condition for moral accountability. Do you agree that under certain circumstances, R2P should override sovereignty? Palmer, D. (2011). Much more favorable conditions for the eventual achievement of such an agreement could be created if nuclear bombs were first revealed to the world by a demonstration in an appropriately selected uninhabited area. Does libertarian freedom require alternate possibilities? Question:Contemporaries who agreed with francks argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? Give an example of where you have seen moment, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Ginet, C., & Palmer, D. (2010). Answer: Explanation: Background In 1938, a small group of German scientists accidentally discovered nuclear fission. If no choice of targets, with a total area of five hundred square miles of American territory, contains a large enough fraction of the nation's industry and population to make their destruction a crippling blow to the nation's war potential and its ability to defend itself, then the attack will not pay, and may not be undertaken. This further condition which I am calling twin world explains why we are still justified in assigning moral responsibility to an agent who fails to satisfy PAP in the manner described within Frankfurts counter-example. The Role of History in Franck's Fairness931 20 Ibid, at 86. Also, we have arguably not yet made the progress toward seamless technological integration he had hoped for. Libertarian freedom and the principle of alternative possibilities. But this is not a necessary one; although, where satisfied, it is sufficient for the ascription of moral responsibility, as I have discussed. Frankfurt, H. (1969). For the ascription of moral responsibility, what is necessary is that alternate possibilities have some role to play in whatever conditions we devise to determine who is responsible and who is not, and why. 24 The Empowered Self, at 265-267. One possible way to introduce nuclear weapons to the world -- which may particularly appeal to those who consider nuclear bombs primarily as a secret weapon developed to help with the present war -- is to use them without warning on appropriately selected objects in Japan. Putting all of this together, we can now see how each sufficient condition contains a different form of, and therefore a different role for, alternate possibilities. In J. Jordan, & D. Howard-Snyder (Eds. Published By: Journal of Philosophy, Inc. Third parties shift voters' attention away from major-party candidates. Scientists have often before been accused of providing new weapons for the mutual destruction of nations, instead of improving their well-being. But if you look at their . votes that a representative takes based on a consensus of his or her constituents If the United States were to be the first to release this new means of indiscriminate destruction upon mankind, she would sacrifice public support throughout the world, precipitate the race for armaments and prejudice the possibility of reaching an international agreement on the future control of such weapons. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Here, Frankfurt presents the act of being able to do otherwise as a necessary condition for the ascription of moral responsibility. Csar Franck Biography. The twin world condition: Where Ss action E in world W1 (a world without alternate possibilities, owing to the possibility of intervention) and Ss action E in twin world W2 (which differs from W1 only insofar as it is a world with alternate possibilities) are congruent then S in either world is morally responsible for E. PAP(s) is not necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility because moral responsibility could still be ascribed to S even where S could not have done otherwise, as the twin world condition illustrates. (2010). Focusing on organic growth, Wright sees it as the natural next step for humanity to remove itself from busy city life based on (what he saw as) likely future innovations in transportation. Where this is not the cases, as expressed within (3) then we must conclude that intervention has occurred in W1, thereby explaining the incongruence across worlds. However, it need not prevent the production of radioactive elements on a scale sufficient to revolutionize the industrial, scientific and technical use of these materials, and would thus not eliminate the main benefits which nucleonics promises to bring to mankind. The advantage of PAP(s) over Frankfurts original PAP, however, is that should (a) and/or (b) fail to be satisfied then this does not rule out the possibility that S is nevertheless morally responsible for E. Under the terms of the original PAP, the possibility just described would not exist; which of course Frankfurt, through the use of his counter-example, tried to show was an erroneous outcome: for, intuitively, we feel that S is still responsible for what he does, even though he could not have done otherwise. It may be asked whether we cannot prevent the development of military nucleonics in other countries by a monopoly on the raw materials of nuclear power.