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by pam Sun Nov 09, 2014 10:12 pm, Post Honda CB750 SOHC 1969-1976 After Market Crane Engine Camshaft Cam Shaft CWC K134 | Vehicle Parts & Accessories, Motorcycle & Scooter Parts & Accessories, Engines & Engine Parts | eBay! Mike Jones. Being a blank cam manufacturer theres every chance that youre buying their camshaft or already have it under a different brand name. But since it makes blank cams, there are aftermarket camshafts available under different brand names that you can consider buying. All the markings are different also. I have a camshaft in a motor that I am trying to identify. It started in 1905 with a verbal agreement between Donald Campbell, Ira Wyant and George Cannon to put $10 a month into a savings fund to provide working capital for business opportunities. This is the foundry that cast the cam blank. we're not sure what kind the cam is or anything about it. Paul Wright Premium Member Joined Oct 17, 1999 7,186 Posts my friend gave me a cam that he got at a swap meet. Jump to Latest Follow 1 - 6 of 6 Posts. Simple as that. I know the heads on this motor had stock springs. i pulled this out of a 318 i was told was built.. cam says from the font to end. The article discusses what materials and processes are used in manufacturing CWC camshafts that can help identify a CWC cam. It wouldn't have ran very much longer without ventilation of the block. Come join the discussion about performance, modifications, classifieds, troubleshooting, maintenance, and more! I recently had an CWC casting cam fail from Isky. Overdrive gear ratio, horsepower, weight, and stock torque converter are some of the major attributes to take into consideration. Competition Cams even has their Camquest Cam Selection Software available to use on line ! I appreciate it! For the intake centerline method, once the cam is installed and TDC is established on the degree wheel, then roll the cam around until the dial indicator signals maximum lift. A faulty IAC valve affects the airflow adversely and directly, Read More Driving With A Bad Idle Air Control Valve- Impacts & Symptoms Explained+ VideoContinue, Your email address will not be published. Hence, you wont find any additional markings (like top or bottom engravings) that can help you (mainly the engine manufacturers) with CWC camshaft identification. Seriously, cams and lifters are not all that much $$ (considering all the baddness that could happen by installing an unknown (history) cam). Sorry that information was camouflaged so well. On the shaft the #'s 1539 are stamped in one spot, and CWC is stamped in another spot. You would have to take the cam to a shop that does regrinding to get them to give you the specific grind - not cheap. Brian Crower 272 Part number BC0101 Right out the box. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. CWC I-5. The camshaft manufacturers are sorted alphabetically and are listed in terms of duration. Your email address will not be published. Now zero the indicator and turn the engine backward until the dial indicator reads roughly .100-inch. The camshaft is a critical engine component that decides the torque curve and horsepower of the engine. The OP is talking about a car. Remove the camshaft from the engine if necessary. 1982 Jeep J-20 360. Felix, qui potuit rerum cognscere causas. Roller: 202/206 .403"/.415" 8.5:1 115 '87 350 Corvette and IROC Camaro: Hi, thanks for accepting me I've got a 396 out of my 69 elky when i got it in 94 it was in the bed so i installed the engine i had in my now totalled 1970 rs. Check out the table to see the specs related to its materials and processes. by CamKing Sun Oct 03, 2010 9:22 pm, Post The premier site for everything to do with Hot Rod, Customs, Low Riders, Rat Rods, and more. JavaScript is disabled. School When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. You must be logged in to view this image or video. Hope it helps. For comparison purposes, add intake and exhaust lobe centers and divide by 2 to calculate "camshaft lobe separation" specification for Ford Racing camshafts. This software is remarkably accurate. Anyone have any idea what make and specs are of this cam? For example, you might have a camshaft stamped with the numbers 899C, followed by various numbers with degrees. I found this forum by searching the net for cwc cams. No. . Camshaft identification Maintenance/Repairs engines, chevrolet ethankeuning November 22, 2020, 9:55pm #1 I need to know the specs on my camshaft, it is stamped with "952159". As with its sister companies, CWC has been recognized by regulatory agencies, state agencies and customers alike for outstanding quality and commitment to the environment. I am running a stock trimatic auto and hope the cam is not too lumpy as I use a standard stall. Like the moderator at Chevelles said, you will have to find someone that uses BR as a prefix on their cam grinds. Cruise RPM 2600-300. CWC Camshafts in Vehicles Nationwide: Our 287,000 sq. Textron, Catalogs For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. by pam Mon Nov 10, 2014 1:26 am, Post Although most customers are U.S. and Canada based, CWC supplies camshafts to customer facilities in Mexico, South Korea, and China. I know CWC makes for everyone but i can't figure out who. We struck out trying to identify it. While changing the oil on your boats lower unit, you may need to change the drain plug, too. If the number on the cam starts with a letter it is a custom ground camshaft not a catalog or shelf camshaft. These factors turn a transmission, Read More TH400 Vs Powerglide: Which One is Ideal for You?Continue, Engine issues are something you have to take very seriously. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. Come join the discussion about restorations, builds, performance, modifications, classifieds, troubleshooting, maintenance, and more! Post Come join the discussion about trail reports, builds, performance, modifications, classifieds, troubleshooting, fabrication, drivetrain, and more! The problems are so common that the model already has gained a, Read More Where is the Chevy 350 Coolant Temp Sensor Location?Continue, What is the most common difference between a torsion beam and a multi-link suspension? The only stamped markings on the front are 951758. Roller vs. flat tappet. Just to be clear, are those the numbers on the face of the cam behind the timing gear? CWC made/still makes camshaft blanks for many camshaft suppliers. chart for edelbrock lobe .050 cam lift epc brg. There is only one and that is, http://www.chevelles.com/forums/showthread.php?t=165775, Cars for Sale: 1970-83 240Z, 260Z, 280Z, 280ZX. It also has the D2 and C3 180 from each other. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. & Got this info for ya. By 1947, CWC was one of the largest foundry companies in the United States, owning or managing over a dozen foundries in the Midwestern U.S. On April 19, 1956, CWC was acquired by Textron Inc. rr lash lash int exh btc abc bbc atc int exh int exh int exh Required fields are marked *. CWC manufactures engine components (crankshafts, camshafts, balance shafts) for a variety of applications including automotive, agricultural and power sports engine programs. On the shaft the #'s 1539 are stamped in one spot, and CWC is stamped in another spot. Come join the discussion about performance, modifications, restorations, troubleshooting, maintenance, and more! Pistons aren't cheap so you may be money ahead scoring a complete 454. Some Facts About CWC Camshafts: What Makes CWC Stand Out, Yamaha Lower Unit Drain Plug Size [Explained Everything], Does It Matter Which Ignition Coil Goes Where? I finally tore into it and am having a problem IDing the Camshaft that was in it all ive found is its a CWC K11 marked by the gear and 636 on the but. So how do you actually make sure your vehicle engine has a CWC camshaft, or how can you buy its after-market version? There are two ways you can identify CWC Camshafts; Firstly, by checking out its material and process Secondly, by checking the marking on the camshaft, Let's discuss both these methods in detail below. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Cruise RPM 1600-2200. Lift of tested lobe could be .300" before wear. Small Block V8 (221, 260, 289, 5.0/302, 5.8/351W) - Help identifying a camshaft - I picked up a somewhat low mileage 351w for my 86 F250. At SKY Racing Cams, the Wilson Rockwell Hardness Tester is employed to insure uniform and correct hardness in every camshaft. They make castings for CMC (Camshaft Machine Corp.) and EPC (Engine Power Components) and others. CWC makes camshafts that are mostly manufactured for factory vehicles, and finding a camshaft is actually the engine builders job. Thus, the rough machining and casting are also unique for CWC camshafts. Contact. However, they make raw castings for different cam-core companies. The solid color is advertised duration. the company produces and supplies camshafts and industrial packaging. It was an old Ford guy that started the build but was put in a home because he came down with Alzheimer's, it was never finished. Sure, post back ALL info that may/should be stamped on both ends of it and hopefully we can decode it for you. AquaTraction Vs SeaDek: Which One Is Better For you? Sorry for me delay- weekend home projects. The material hardness on the EP1 is not as hard as the "P55" version, or Camshaft machine's K15 core. They became one of the top manufacturers of blank camshafts, and at one time, they supplied about 85% of the blank cams around the world. thanks for the info so far. These markings will usually be in the center of the camshaft, obviously in between the valve lobes. One of the key differences between the two suspensions is the torsion beam is much cheaper than the multi-link, as the, Read More Torsion Beam Vs Multi Link: Who Wins the Battle?Continue, The Idle Air Control (IAC) valve deals with your car engine speed when its in an idle position. Hi, thanks for accepting me I've got a 396 out of my 69 elky when i got it in 94 it was in the bed so i installed the engine i had in my now totalled 1970 rs. 49 BBC -6 ATC 223 78 BBC 32 ATC 290 .298 .447 . dia. by MadBill Sat Oct 02, 2010 6:26 pm, Post document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Disclaimer: Remember to always consult with an expert first before trying anything at home. I have googled and found nothing. Telling one from the other visually is relatively easy. Identifiers: Letter R, CWC, EP1, C4 and E8. Camshaft selection is one of the most critical decisions in planning an engine build, Most of the major camshaft manufacturers have programs available to help you choose a camshaft for you application. Its lobes measure 1.681" and 1.692". 1970 Mark Donohue Javelin 401. Followers 1. So glad I drive a ZX and get on this site. IBLOWN Well-Known Member Joined Sep 13, 2005 Messages 2,153 Reaction score 56 Points 48 Age by CamKing Sun Oct 03, 2010 9:34 pm, Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited, General engine tech -- Drag Racing to Circle Track. Post by 4banger Sun Nov 09, 2014 10:32 pm, Post VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. by pdq67 Sun Oct 03, 2010 10:58 am, Post This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Brute low end torque, great for daily driving. Step 2 Find the profile or grind number. The cam profile is the actual shape of the camshaft lobe. 1970 Mark Donohue Javelin 390. A forum community dedicated to Nissan and Datsun Z car owners and enthusiasts. Now its time to check out why CWC Camshafts are the most sought-after ones in the market. Jones Cam Designs. While it is kind of unusual for non z owners to post here, there is nothing wrong with it as long as they post in the appropriate forum. If I get any more I'll post them as well. yoderrt75. What is the best insulation to use in my floor pans in a 73 Camaro, Looking for Bodywork in/near Greenville SC, Seeking 1/2" ID x 5/8" OD Black Exit Tubing for Radiator Overflow Reservoir. Jones Cam Designs' HotPass Vendors Forum: Vintage/Classic/Historical Engine Tech, 3V Performance Engine & Valve train Development, Race Cars & Parts - For Sale or Wanted. TH400 Vs Powerglide: Which One is Ideal for You? Valve lift is computed for stock rockerarm ratio (1.73:1 for 400, 351-C & Boss 302: 1.60:1 for all others) Source of information: Ford Performance by Pat Ganahl, an excellent reference book on Ford performance engines But again, its generally the engine builders or an experts job, so buy an aftermarket cam based on expert opinion. 93 TT- N/A to TT, Auto to 5 speed, upgrade central. i have a chevy 350 4 bolt that i am rebuilding. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. In fact, roughly 30 percent of the vehicles manufactured in North America have camshafts produced at CWC. LOL, according to the post count I'm an "expert." I can't help you in regards to who actually did the final grinding. We supply both completely finished and semi-finished camshaft cores (UGL) ready for customer specific lobe grinds. So a few things you need to consider while buying it includes: CWC camshaft identification is a pretty easy task if the name is laser etched on the back of the cam. Reply to this topic; Start new topic; . stamp paint len. What do the numbers. JavaScript is disabled. The facility produces camshafts for Toyota (all North America production), General Motors, Fiat-Chrysler and Ford Motor Company. i you have never degreed a cam and don't have a degree cam kit, you are looking at investing into a kit that will cost about 100. for that amount of money you can get a generic hyperformance cam from summit. We supply both completely finished and semi-finished camshaft cores (UGL) ready for customer specific lobe grinds. After researching all I could, I discovered that CWC cams have been known to wear out quickly, except for applications used with stock valve springs, as well as a few camshafts produced by another company using the . notes: On EFI engines, performance camshafts work only with mass air induction systems. However, CWC is a humongous name in the camshaft market for factory vehicles, and weve seen facts regarding how wide their coverage is and what makes them so superior. Join the SPY NINJA NETWORK to help Chad Wild Clay & Vy Qwaint defeat Project Zorgo! The other is a "mystery" camshaft because the end is longer and has been ground down. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. The other markings on the cam are CWC I-5 0-1 K 304 D1 I will try and post some pictures when I find a place to host them, thanks for any help Quote . I'm wanting to find out if what I have is a good one or not. This CWC innovation allows us to offer our customers camshafts that can withstand higher engine stress and significant cost savings when compared to steel or assembled camshafts. CHAD & VY WILL CALL YOU! no. Temp sensor issues are one of those engine issues, especially for Chevy 350. Intro Tips for Identifying a Camshaft DynoCams 485 subscribers Subscribe 12K views 2 years ago We get this question constantly, guys. The radiator, hoses, timing assembly, belts and fan will need to be removed to access the camshaft. Pontiac 326 Vs Chevy 327 Differences & Similarities. It would take some digging and some research, but you could look through a parts catalog of some of the more popular cam manufacturers and see if you can match up part numbers with something. I pulled the Chevy 350 apart today and I'm trying to identify the camshaft. Does anyone have the specs on this cam? ft. facility located in Muskegon, Michigan, produces more than 12 million camshafts annually. If there are no numbers on the end of the cam I doubt that you will figure it out any way other than measuring it. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Should wind right up for ya. could be almost any company , crane comp speedpro they all cut this grind i bet.. it should be fine just buy new lifters when you install her, and use good additives You must log in or register to reply here. by CamKing Sat Oct 02, 2010 9:20 pm, Post However, luckily many CWC camshafts have the name CWC laser etched on the back. Re: Cam Recommendation (was: D4 EP 15 Camshaft) I'm only after mild cam to work within the parameters I listed. It is stamped Z087 on the end and has a couple of other markings on it, CWC and EP1. Strong low & mid range torque, daily driving. The cam must match the application and components going into the valvetrain, such as the induction system, cylinder heads, etc. Example: 63402A-2 enter 63402A. Is There a Sequence? How To Properly Replace Ignition Coils. But they can sometimes be labeled as CWC EP1 to ascertain that its actually cast by your desired brand CWC. In addition to producing rough cast engine components, CWC has the capability to undertake rough machining and material hardening. Cam Identification (LC Engineering Stage 3) President's Day Sale has begun! by pdq67 Sat Oct 02, 2010 6:21 pm, Post It does have the two large squares like a L20B cam. M. max69z/28 . int exh c.l. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. On the other hand, the best part is how these camshafts are made. Strong low & mid range torque, daily driving. Camshaft Machine Company manufactures internal combustion engine and fuel system camshafts for use in automobiles, trucks, heavy equipment and stationary engines. The Company serves three principal markets: automotive original equipment, traditional aftermarket, and the performance aftermarket. In that sense, if you find the labeling as EP1, CMC, or COM-Cams, its possible that CWC has made these camshafts, but theyre sold under the above brand names. Where is the Chevy 350 Coolant Temp Sensor Location? Is there a site out there which will help identify this cam? I found this forum by searching the net for cwc cams. I tried searching & googling these markings with no luck. As Tony said, don't be put off by the "non car guy" answers, there are people here willing to help. I thought I was wrong once but I was mistaken thanks guys , wish i knew brand!lol i donot have a caliper or i would, Vintage/Classic/Historical Engine Tech, 3V Performance Engine & Valve train Development, Race Cars & Parts - For Sale or Wanted. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. We make approximately 5 million flame-hardened camshafts annually and have never had a failure in the field. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. A forum community dedicated to Chevrolet Chevelle owners and enthusiasts. Thanks as always for any help. the cam with a degree wheel during installation. I have googled and found nothing. Most popular cam. Using flame heat, oil quenching and cryogenic freezing and tempering techniques, CWC alters the metal microstructure to each customers unique specifications. Mark 70 Z28 M22 3.73 Z21 Z87 - Lunati 20120121 Roller Cam Sorry for the other non-car-guy responses. The roller cam will have much more rounded lobes, like the big end of an egg. Chevy-Small Block Cam Identification Welcome to Club Hot Rod! A flat tappet cam will be much more pointed, similar to the small end of an egg. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The only stamped markings on the front are 951758. Attention: Due to Covid 19 many materials and products are delayed. &, High The foundry, located in Muskegon, MI, makes 12 million camshafts a year, and ships 50,000 cams per day. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. This is car talk after all. And on the front face 16331 which is the Crower part number. The only thing I'm an expert at is asking questions. In 1956, Textron Inc. acquired CWC, which later became a part of the Kautex family when Textron sold the assets to the company in 2003. There is a shop near by that can tell me the specs but is there some way to know if it is a solid lifter cam or a hydraulic lifter cam. 1952 Willys M38-A1. 2001 ZRX 1200 1973 z1 900 1975/73 z1 Turbo Dragbike 1982 GPZ550 - 62 Miles. I bought a new unused T-4 camshaft from a guy on ebay who said he couldn't remember much about it. The Corporation's growth story is being scripted by building upon the areas of Capacity Augmentation, Modernization, creation of warehousing and logistics infrastructure, Asset Monetization, Rail operations, Cold Storage . Was curious what cam they were trying in it. Gross valve lift . It controls the quantity of engine airflow. The intake cam has a single white band The exhaust cam has 2 blue stripes You must be logged in to view this image or video. 1958 Nash Metropolitan. Play Spy Ninja mini-games, build your very own Spy Base, and collect Spy Ninja Badges to show off on the weekly Top Scores. Thank you for your patience and understanding. "Rigid quality control in any industry is the secret to success. The OP should also be aware that if he doesn't really know its true origin or history, it could be a reground cam, and there isnt a number on it that means a thing in that case. Meta: Do you find CWC camshaft identification difficult? The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. The best-in-class material ductile/alloyed gray iron gives it far more endurance than its steel or assembled counterparts. But do all CWC camshafts have the CWC marking? H-O Ent. Denver, NC. The cam is in very. Never accept imitations. You can see that in the following image collected from the official website of CWC. 1978 Jeep J-10 360. . On the shaft it reads "CWC" and on the end it has 274 stamped into it. Most cars use more than, Read More Does It Matter Which Ignition Coil Goes Where? Were there no Chev forums at all? You are using an out of date browser. K1302 debating on crank and rods choices are a little limited staying with the stock stroke. 1. Is there a site out there which will help identify this cam? Employing state-of-the-art processes, the Company has over 1,400 active part numbers and sells directly to over 60 customers, including Ford, Chrysler, General Motors, and Caterpillar. Durations at .050" cam lift are 188 degrees intake, 202 degrees exhaust. by ap72 Sat Oct 02, 2010 4:13 pm, Post Attachments: . Like said in the very first sentence of the very first post, I found this forum by searching the net for cwc cams. Three years later, on April 20, the Campbell, Wyant and Cannon (CWC) Foundry Company was founded. joel, Nov 16, 2014 SHARE POST #12 indyjps Member from Chicago - Far West Burbs 460 to 480 lift sounds a lot better. CWC camshafts include unique materials and manufacturing processes. I should be out driving it! 350-455. I'm not sure if the OEM cams had FOMOCO on them or not. http://hinksonautomotive-cncblocks.com/shop-tour/, http://hinksonautomotive-cncblocks.com/specials/, http://static6.arrow.com/aropdfconveda3584099f8baca86cee56/227camshaft-cs636.pdf. It came with a new bolt on gear. the best way to determine what the specs of the cam are to put it in a small block and verify duration with a degree wheel. It is stamped Z087 on the end and has a couple of other markings on it, CWC and EP1. by wyrmrider Mon Nov 10, 2014 11:16 am, Post spread int exh .050 dur. But there are no other markings engraved that could identify this camshaft. Whether its about flame hardening or CWCs own Selective Tempered Ductile Iron (SADI), it exhibits superior ductility, strength, and wear-resistance for all modern engine applications up to 255 KSI HZ. I'll post it on another sight which has a few cam designers and grinders on it frequently. Usually there are engraved or stamped numbers on the face. CWC I.5 EP18, L7 maby?, c2 d2, then on the cam tip E5577S with a single B. Take the experts help for the right-fit cam since experience has no alternative in this regard, There is a wide range of specs in camshafts, such as lift, lobe separation, duration, etc. by ap72 Sun Oct 03, 2010 12:19 pm, Post Do not enter the -2 on dual cams part numbers or the (I) that indicates intake or (E) for exhaust. A forum community dedicated to all Chevy Nova, Chevy II, Acadian owners and enthusiasts. CWC is known for its best-in-class rough-cast engine parts, lobe hardening processes, rough machining, and superior manufacturing techniques mentioned in the table. I pulled a camshaft out of a 400 small block, and was curious what the specs are of the cam and the make. Driving With A Bad Idle Air Control Valve- Impacts & Symptoms Explained+ Video. Walter Noah is a process engineer who has a knack for resolving even the toughest technical issue. JavaScript is disabled. I have a camshaft in a motor that I am trying to identify. He also enjoys reading books a lot and his favorite author is Paula Coelho. Because during the lower units oil change, you can go through the issue that the lower plug, Read More Yamaha Lower Unit Drain Plug Size [Explained Everything]Continue, Among the crucial parts of a vehicle ignition system is the ignition coil, also called a spark coil. Our content is merely suggestive, not intended to use without proper safety precautions and advice. This number should be on your camshaft, followed by a number of degrees. cast. At one time they supplied 85% of the blanks in the world. One possible reason is engine builders dont etch ID marks since they dont want to hand another engine builder their secrets regarding camshafts. which is a very mild hydraulic lifter replacement camshaft . TroyBoy Is there any way to idetify a cam core? Not a lot of 396's left on the road. We'll see if it gets any hits. Torsion Beam Vs Multi Link: Who Wins the Battle? EP1 is the type of core. I had an Isky cam that was a "Z66" check Isky's web site. After discovering that I was missing lash pads, and that I had a unknown aftermarket CWC billet camshaft, I have a few questions. with right heads etc. CWC should stand for Campbell Wyatt and Cannon Foundry. I am building a motor for an El Camino, but am not sure about this cam. Check out the key facts below. Clear CWC manufactures engine components (crankshafts, camshafts, balance shafts) for a variety of applications including automotive, agricultural and power sports engine programs. jonescams@bellsouth.net. So you can have a primary idea about a CWC camshaft by its looks and manufacturing uniqueness. Camshafts are identified by (usually) the last 4 digits of the part number and a casting symbol. My grandfather was one of their 1st employees when they started out as Cambell, Wyant, and Cannon back in the early 1900s. What a great thread. Vision Jan 28, 2007. Posted 10:33:34 PM. Well, youve to understand the whole process to get these queries answered. Mon to Fri: 8am - 5pm CDT; Gandrud Chevrolet 919 Auto Plaza Dr. Green Bay, WI 54302; Sales: 888.284.7491 performance@gandrud.com; Contact Us; Connect With Us I think they supply OEMS' as well. It also says "cmc 1579" next to one of the lobes. As I said above it has CWC but also is stamped "CROWER" on the end where the number is on yours. It provides a spark plug with the high voltage needed for combustion. Step 3 Find the exhaust number and add it to the end of the list of numbers. He did nothing wrong by asking an intelligent question in the correct forum, which is better than a lot of thread here. So you come to a nissan forum to ask us about a cam for a chevy engine. H-O Ent. Since CWC casts blank cams, identifying them is arduous and cinch at the same time. cam shaft i.d. Noah knows a lot about whats happening in the car industry with the latest piloting productions thanks to his professional experience. Im amazed at the detail but also at how anyone has the time to type all that in. Unless there's a "P55" on the opposite side of the "EP1", It's their standard small block chevy core, and it's good for hydraulic, and mild solid grinds.