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But what most people mean is that there'll be slang, that there'll be new words for new things and that some of those words will probably come from other languages. I saw this bird's-eye view, and I was this little red dot. But if I give that same story to a Hebrew or an Arabic speaker, they would organize it from right to left. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #2: (Speaking foreign language). But we have plenty of words like that in English where it doesn't bother us at all. These relationships can help you feel cared for and connected. So the way you say hi in Kuuk Thaayorre is to say, which way are you heading? You can find the transcript for most episodes of Hidden Brain on our website. So it's mendokusai. Perspectives on the Situation by Harry T. Reis, and John G. Holmes, in The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, 2012. So what happens is that once literally comes to feel like it means really, people start using it in figurative constructions such as I was literally dying of thirst. VEDANTAM: In the English-speaking world, she goes by Lera Boroditsky. I'm . VEDANTAM: Many of us have dictionaries at home or at work, John. He's also the author of the book, "Words On The Move: Why English Won't - And Can't - Sit Still (Like, Literally).". ADAM COLE, BYLINE: (Singing) You put your southwest leg in, and you shake it all about. This is Hidden Brain. In this favorite episode from 2021, Cornell University psychologist Anthony Burrow explains why purpose isnt something to be found its somethi, It's natural to want to run away from difficult emotions such as grief, anger and fear. But if you ask bilinguals, who have learned two languages and now they know that some genders disagree across the two languages, they're much less likely to say that it's because chairs are intrinsically masculine. Official Website Airs on: SUN 7pm-8pm 55:27 Happiness 2.0: The Reset Button Feb 27 Many of us rush through our lives, chasing goals and just trying to get everything done. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #5: (Speaking foreign language). But I find that people now usually use the word to mean very soon, as in we're going to board the plane momentarily. June 20, 2020 This week on Hidden Brain, research about prejudices so deeply buried, we often doubt their existence. This week, in the second installment of our Happiness 2.0 series, psychologist Todd Kashdan looks at the relationship between distress and happiness, and ho, Many of us believe that hard work and persistence are the key to achieving our goals. Our transcripts are provided by various partners and may contain errors or deviate slightly from the audio. Now, in a lot of languages, you can't say that because unless you were crazy, and you went out looking to break your arm, and you succeeded - right? In this favorite 2021 episode, psychologistAdam Grantpushes back against the benefits of certainty, and describes the magic that unfolds when we challenge our own deeply-held beliefs. A brief history of relationship research in social psychology, by Harry T. Reis, in Handbook of the History of Social Psychology, 2011. VEDANTAM: Lera Boroditsky is a cognitive science professor at the University of California, San Diego. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #3: (Speaking foreign language). : The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Benefits of Sharing Positive Events, Perceived Partner Responsiveness as an Organizing Construct in the Study of Intimacy and Closeness, Read the latest from the Hidden Brain Newsletter. What we think of today as a word undergoing some odd development or people using some new construction is exactly how Latin turned into French. al (Eds. VEDANTAM: So all this raises a really interesting question. out. If you liked . The best Podcast API to search all podcasts and episodes. And so for me, that question was born in that conversation of are there some languages where it's easier to imagine a person without their characteristics of gender filled in? UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #1: (As character) If you're so upset about it, maybe you can think of a way to help her. Dictionaries are wonderful things, but they create an illusion that there's such thing as a language that stands still, when really it's the nature of human language to change. Imagine this. BORODITSKY: And Russian is a language that has grammatical gender, and different days of the week have different genders for some reason. The size of this effect really quite surprised me because I would have thought at the outset that, you know, artists are these iconoclasts. This week, we continue our look at the science of influence with psychologist Robert Cialdini, and explore how th, We all exert pressure on each other in ways small and profound. Parents and peers influence our major life choices, but they can also steer us in directions that leave us deeply unsatisfied. No matter how hard you try to feel happier, you end up back where you started. Going the Distance on the Pacific Crest Trail: The Vital Role of Identified Motivation, by Kennon M. Sheldon, Motivation Science, 2020. VEDANTAM: If languages are shaped by the way people see the world, but they also shape how people see the world, what does this mean for people who are bilingual? And it's just too much of an effort, and you can't be bothered to do it, even though it's such a small thing. And you've conducted experiments that explore how different conceptions of time in different languages shape the way we think about the world and shape the way we think about stories. Just saying hello was difficult. This week, in the final installment of our Happiness 2.0 series, psychologist Dacher Keltner describes what happens when we stop to sav, Sometimes, life can feel like being stuck on a treadmill. There are many scholars who would say, look, yes, you do see small differences between speakers of different languages, but these differences are not really significant; they're really small. But that can blind us to a very simple source of joy thats all around us. John is a professor of English and comparative literature at Columbia University. So you can think about an un-gendered person in the same way that I might think about a person without a specific age or specific height or specific color shirt. Hidden Brain explores the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior and questions that lie at the heart of our complex and changing world. It should be thought of as fun. Psychologist Ken Sheldon studies the science of figuring out what you want. We call this language Gumbuzi. Later things are on the right. This week, in the fourth and final installment of our Happiness 2.0 series, psychologist Dacher Keltner describes . Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships. And one day, I was walking along, and I was just staring at the ground. VEDANTAM: One of the things I found really interesting is that the evolution of words and language is constant. One study that I love is a study that asked monolingual speakers of Italian and German and also bilingual speakers of Italian and German to give reasons for why things are the grammatical genders that they are. And this is NPR. We'd say, oh, well, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales or whatever. Our transcripts are provided by various partners and may contain errors or deviate slightly from the audio. VEDANTAM: Would it be possible to use what we have learned about how words and languages evolve to potentially write what a dictionary might look like in 50 years or a hundred years? That's the way words are, too. To request permission, please send an email to [emailprotected]. And it's sad that we're not going to be able to make use of them and learn them and celebrate them. And why do some social movements take off and spread, while others fizzle? We talk with psychologist Iris Mauss, who explains why happiness Why do some companies become household names, while others flame out? And you suddenly get a craving for potato chips, and you, realize that you have none in the kitchen, and there's nothing else you really want to, eat. Language was talk. Transcript Speaker 1 00:00:00 this is hidden brain. MCWHORTER: Yeah. Many of us rush through our days, weeks, and lives, chasing goals, and just trying to get everything done. So new words are as likely to evolve as old ones. So we've done a lot of studies looking at how speakers of Spanish and German and Russian actually think about objects that have opposite grammatical genders. GEACONE-CRUZ: And you're at home in your pajamas, all nice and cuddly and maybe watching Netflix or something. He. This week on Hidden Brain, we explore how unconscious bias can infect a culture and how a police shooting may say as much about a community as it does about individuals. Put this image on your website to promote the show -, Happiness 2.0: The Only Way Out Is Through, Report inappropriate content or request to remove this page. There's a lowlier part of our nature that grammar allows us to vent in the absence of other ways to do it that have not been available for some decades for a lot of us. We'll be back momentarily. But what happens when these feelings catch up with us? We convince a colleague to take a different tactic at work. You also see huge differences in other domains like number. Go behind the scenes, see what Shankar is reading and find more useful resources and links. Interpersonal Chemistry: What Is It, How Does It Emerge, and How Does it Operate? You can find all Hidden Brain episodes on our website. Many of us rush through our lives, chasing goals and just trying to get everything done. Subscribe to the Hidden Brain Podcast on your favorite podcast player so you never miss an episode. Newsletter: Can I get some chicken? And you say that dictionaries in some ways paint an unrealistic portrait of a language. Imagine this. So to give you a very quick wrap-up is that some effects are big, but even when effects aren't big, they can be interesting or important for other reasons - either because they are very broad or because they apply to things that we think are really important in our culture. So for example, English speakers, because they're very likely to say, he did it or someone did it, they are very good at remembering who did it, even if it's an accident. Rightly Crossing the Rubicon: Evaluating Goal Self-Concordance Prior to Selection Helps People Choose More Intrinsic Goals, by Kennon M. Sheldon, Mike Prentice, and Evgeny Osin, Journal of Research in Personality, 2019. VEDANTAM: I understand that if you're in a picnic with someone from this community and you notice an ant climbing up someone's left leg, it wouldn't make a lot of sense to tell that person, look, there's an ant on your left leg. in your textbooks but when you're hanging out with friends. Now, many people hear that and they think, well, that's no good because now literally can mean its opposite. VEDANTAM: If you're bilingual or you're learning a new language, you get what Jennifer experienced - the joy of discovering a phrase that helps you perfectly encapsulate a feeling or an experience. Hidden Brain Hidden Brain, Shankar Vedantam Science 4.6 36K Ratings; Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships. Hidden Brain: You 2.0: Cultivating Your Purpose on Apple Podcasts 51 min You 2.0: Cultivating Your Purpose Hidden Brain Social Sciences Having a sense of purpose can be a buffer against the challenges we all face at various stages of life. Hidden Brain Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships. Let's start with the word literally. Those are quirks of grammar literally in stone. But what happens when these feelings catch up with us? Welcome to HIDDEN BRAIN. VEDANTAM: Time is another concept that is also central to the way we see and describe the world. We lobby a neighbor to vote for our favored political candidate. So even if I'm speaking English, the distinctions that I've learned in speaking Russian, for example, are still active in my mind to some extent, but they're more active if I'm actually speaking Russian. No matter how hard you try to feel happier, you end up back where you started. Hidden Brain. Thank you! VEDANTAM: So I find that I'm often directionally and navigationally challenged when I'm driving around, and I often get my east-west mixed up with my left-right for reasons I have never been able to fathom. They believe that their language reflects the true structure of the world. They're more likely to see through this little game that language has played on them. People do need to be taught what the socially acceptable forms are. Something new will have started by then, just like if we listen to people in 1971, they sound odd in that they don't say like as much as we do. That's what it's all about. Shankar Vedantam, host of the popular podcast "Hidden Brain" has been reporting on human behavior for decades. We'll begin with police shootings of unarmed Black men. I want everybody to have the fun I'm having. And I would really guess that in a few decades men will be doing it, too. And if that is true, then the educated person can look down on people who say Billy and me went to the store or who are using literally, quote, unquote, "wrong" and condemn them in the kinds of terms that once were ordinary for condemning black people or women or what have you. 00:51:58 - We all have to make certain choices in life, such as where to live and how to earn a living. FDA blocks human trials for Neuralink brain implants. Many of us rush through our days, weeks, and lives, chasing goals, and just trying to get everything done. For example, when we started talking about navigation, that's an example where a 5-year-old in a culture that uses words like north, south, east and west can point southeast without hesitation. GEACONE-CRUZ: It's this phrase that describes something between I can't be bothered or I don't want to do it or I recognize the incredible effort that goes into something, even though it shouldn't be so much of an effort. Subscribe: iOS | Android | Spotify | RSS | Amazon | Stitcher Latest Episodes: Happiness 2.0: The Reset Button If it is the first time you login, a new account will be created automatically. al, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004. VEDANTAM: For more HIDDEN BRAIN, you can find us on Facebook and Twitter. Does a speaker of a language, like Spanish, who has to assign gender to so many things, end up seeing the world as more gendered? So maybe they're saying bridges are beautiful and elegant, not because they're grammatically feminine in the language, but because the bridges they have are, in fact, more beautiful and elegant. They know which way is which. Hidden Brain - You 2.0: Cultivating Your Purpose Hidden Brain Aug 2, 2021 You 2.0: Cultivating Your Purpose Play 51 min playlist_add Having a sense of purpose can be a buffer against the. So - but if I understand correctly, I would be completely at sea if I visited this aboriginal community in Australia because I have often absolutely no idea where I am or where I'm going. How to Foster Perceived Partner Responsiveness: High-Quality LIstening is Key, by Guy Itzchakov, Harry Reis, and Netta Weinstein, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2021. BORODITSKY: One thing that we've noticed is this idea of time, of course, is very highly constructed by our minds and our brains. Only a couple hundred languages - or if you want to be conservative about it, a hundred languages - are written in any real way and then there are 6,800 others. And he started by asking Russian-speaking students to personify days of the week. How so? Because it was. There was no way of transcribing an approximation of what people said and nobody would have thought of doing it. Sometimes, life can feel like being stuck on a treadmill. Whats going on here? UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #9: (Speaking German). You can run experiments in a lab or survey people on the street. There was no such thing as looking up what it originally meant. It's just how I feel. And I don't think any of us are thinking that it's a shame that we're not using the language of Beowulf. VEDANTAM: If you're bilingual or you're learning a new language, you get what Jennifer, experienced - the joy of discovering a phrase that helps you perfectly encapsulate a. feeling or an experience. Which I think is probably important with the reality that this edifice that you're teaching is constantly crumbling. Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale (PPRS), by Harry T. Reis et. LERA BORODITSKY: The categorization that language provides to you becomes real - becomes psychologically real. If you, grew up speaking a language other than English, you probably reach for words in your. It has to do with the word momentarily. This week, in the final installment of our Happiness 2.0 series, psychologist Dacher Keltner describes what happens when we stop to savor the beauty in nature, art, or simply the moral courage of those around us. It turns out, as you point out, that in common usage, literally literally means the opposite of literally. Social Functionalist Frameworks for Judgment and Choice: Intuitive Politicians, Theologians, and Prosecutors, by Philip Tetlock, Psychology Review, 2002. Each generation hears things and interprets things slightly differently from the previous one. MCWHORTER: Yes, Shankar, that's exactly it. And we looked at every personification and allegory in Artstor and asked, does the language that you speak matter for how you paint death, depending on whether the word death is masculine or feminine in your language? Each language comprises the ideas that have been worked out in a culture over thousands of generations, and that is an incredible amount of cultural heritage and complexity of thought that disappears whenever a language dies. BORODITSKY: Yeah, that's true. But is that true when it comes to the pursuit of happiness? Updated privacy policy: We have made some changes to our Privacy Policy. And so, for example, can I get a hamburger? And so for example, if the word chair is masculine in your language, why is that? And in fact, speakers of languages like this have been shown to orient extremely well - much better than we used to think humans could. If you prefer to listen through a podcast app, here are links to our podcast on Apple, Spotify, and Stitcher. I just don't want to do it. In many languages, nouns are gendered. You-uh (ph). So these speakers have internalized this idea from their language, and they believe that it's right. VEDANTAM: You make the case that concerns over the misuse of language might actually be one of the last places where people can publicly express prejudice and class differences. They give us a sense that the meanings of words are fixed, when in fact they're not. For example, he might take a bunch of pictures of boys and girls and sort them and say, OK, this is a boy. "Most of the laughter we produce is purely . We post open positions (including internships) on our jobs page. So you may start with moving your southwest leg in, but then you have to move your northeast leg out. And, of course, you always have to wonder, well, could it be that speakers of these different languages are actually seeing different kinds of bridges? How come you aren't exactly the way you were 10 years ago? And if people heard the sounds a little differently and produced them a little differently, if there were new meanings of words - very quickly whatever the original meaning was wouldn't be remembered. In the final episode of our "Mind Reading 2.0" series, we bring back one of our favorite conversations, with linguist Deborah Tannen. When the con was exposed, its victims defended the con artists. This week, we launch the first of a two-part mini-series on the scie, If you think about the people in your life, it's likely that they share a lot in common with you. I'm shankar Vedantam in the 2002 rom com. He says there are things we can do to make sure our choices align with our deepest values. Interpersonal Chemistry: What Is It, How Does It Emerge, and How Does it Operate? UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #8: (Speaking Italian). And I was telling this person about someone I knew back in America.