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"The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Mary was spared. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 The attack was a success. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. France was at war with England and Spain. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. How serious a threat was Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth's rule? The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Elizabeth I | Biography, Facts, Mother, & Death | Britannica This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. Student / Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. DOCX www.oasisacademywintringham.org Elizabethan Religious Settlement - BBC Bitesize The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Therefore, I disagree with the statement. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). 214 High Street, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. 14-16 / Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. God blew and they were scattered - The National Archives Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. In 1485 - 1603 To What Extent Was The Government Of England - Phdessay King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. First English colony in Virginia established. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Elizabeth I - Accession | Britannica 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. 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Foreign Affairs / Overview of Elizabeth I / Historical Association Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. As such, I disagree with the statement. Challenges To Elizabeth At Home And Abroad - Learndojo.org Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. GCSE: Early Elizabethan England (1558-88) - Tutor2u - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. It had to deal with Irish . Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Topic guides / Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. LS23 6AD Why was France a threat? There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Explain why Mary, Queen of Scots, was a threat to the reign of Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. (*fragmentary*). Save. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. - Leith blockade. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. This increased tension between England and Spain. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. What were the causes of westward No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. Foreign Affairs. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The Religious Settlement of 1559 - History Learning Site The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. Who was Queen Elizabeth enemies? - idswater.com Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England.